#710 bce

[artschoolglasses]

Cup, Greek, Geometric Period, 735-710 BCE

From the Acropolis Museum

[chinesehanfu]

[Hanfu · 漢服]The relationship between women in history is not just love rivals,

“but also thousands of years later, everyone knows that it is me and you.”

Let's get to know about them/她们 in China history.

1.【Han Dynasty】:Princess Jieyou (解忧公主) & Feng Liao (馮嫽)

Princess Jieyou (Chinese: 解忧公主; 121 BC – 49 BC), born Liu Jieyou (Chinese: 刘解忧), was a Chinese princess sent to marry the leader of the Wusun kingdom as part of the Western Han Chinese policy of heqin(和亲).

As the granddaughter of the disgraced Prince Liu Wu (劉戊) who had taken part in the disastrous Rebellion of the Seven States,her status was low enough that she was sent to replace Princess Liu Xijun (劉細君) after her untimely death and marry the Wusun king Cunzhou (岑陬).

Jieyou lived among the Wusun for fifty years and did much work to foster relations between the surrounding kingdoms and the Han. She was particularly reliant upon her attendant, Feng Liao, whom she dispatched as an emissary to Wusun kingdoms and even to the Han Court. She faced opposition from pro-Xiongnu members of the Wusun royalty, particularly Wengguimi’s Xiongnu wife. When word came that the Xiongnu planned to attack Wusun, she convinced her husband to send for aid from the Han Emperor. Emperor Wu of Han sent 150,000 cavalrymen to support the Wusun forces and drive back the Xiongnu.

In 51 BCE at the age of 70, Jieyou asked to be allowed to retire and return to the Han. Emperor Xuan of Han agreed and had her escorted back to Chang'an where she was welcomed with honor. She was given a grand palace with servants usually reserved for princesses of the imperial family. In 49 BCE, Jieyou died peacefully.

Feng Liao (馮嫽)

Feng Liao (馮嫽) was China's first official female diplomat,[citation needed] who represented the Han dynasty to Wusun (烏孫), which was in the Western Regions. It was a practice for the Imperial Court to foster alliances with the northern tribes via marriage, and two Han princesses had married Wusun kings.

Feng Liao was the maidservant of Princess Jieyou (解憂公主), who was married off to a Wusun king. Feng herself later married an influential Wusun general, whose good standing with Prince Wujiutu (烏就屠) of the kingdom later proved beneficial to the Han dynasty.

When Prince Wujiutu seized the throne of Wusun in 64 BC, after his father died, there was fear in the Imperial Court of Han that Wujiutu, whose mother was Xiongnu, would allow Wusun to become Xiongnu's vassal.

Zheng Ji, Governor of the Western Regions, recalled that Feng Liao had married into Wusun and with her familiarity of the Wusun customs, she was a prime candidate to persuade Wujiutu to ally his kingdom with Han. Wujiutu acceded and Emperor Xuan of Han (漢宣帝) sent for Feng. He praised her for her judgement and diplomacy, and appointed her as the official envoy to Wusun.

Wujiutu was conferred the title "Little King of Wusun" while his brother, the son by a Han princess, was named "Great King of Wusun". Wusun was divided between the two kings and tensions in that region were eased.

※Xiongnu: Xiongnu: A nomadic tribe that has occupied northern China for a long time. Later it gradually became a state. It harassed the borders of the Han Dynasty for a long time and robbed supplies.

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With their efforts, the Wusun Kingdom gradually tended to support the Han Dynasty, and the Xiongnu's defeat in China also began.

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2.【Tang Dynasty】:Shangguan Wan'er(上官婉儿)&Princess Taiping (太平公主)

Shangguan Wan'er/上官婉儿 (664 – 21 July 710) was a Chinese politician, poet, and imperial consort of the Wu Zhou and Tang dynasties. Described as a "female prime minister,"Shangguan rose from modest origins as a palace servant to become secretary and leading advisor to Empress Wu Zetian of Zhou. Under Empress Wu, Shangguan exercised responsibility for drafting imperial edicts and earned approbation for her writing style. She retained her influence as consort to Wu's son and successor, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, holding the imperial consort rank of Zhaorong (昭容). Shangguan was also highly esteemed for her talent as a poet.Shangguan was also highly esteemed for her talent as a poet. In 710, after Emperor Zhongzong's death, Shangguan was killed during a palace coup that ended the regency of Empress Dowager Wei.

Princess Taiping (太平公主)lit. "Princess of Great Peace", personal name unknown, possibly Li Lingyue (李令月) (after 662 – 2 August 713) was a royal princess and prominent political figure of the Tang dynasty and her mother Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty. She was the youngest daughter of Wu Zetian and Emperor Gaozong and was influential during the reigns of her mother and her elder brothers Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong (both of whom reigned twice), particularly during Emperor Ruizong's second reign, when for three years until her death, she was the real power behind the throne.

She is the most famous and influential princess of the Tang dynasty and possibly in the whole history of China thanks to her power, ability and ambition. She was involved in political difficulties and developments during the reigns of her mother and brothers. Indeed, after the coup against Empress Dowager Wei, she became the real ruler of Tang. During the reign of Emperor Ruizong, she was not restricted by anything, the emperor issued rulings based on her views and the courtiers and the military flattered her and majority from every civil and military class joined her faction, so her power exceeded that of the emperor.

Eventually, however, a rivalry developed between her and her nephew, Emperor Ruizong's son, Crown Prince Li Longji. Both of them were hostile in power-sharing and they fought for the monopoly over power. After Emperor Ruizong yielded the throne to Li Longji (as Emperor Xuanzong) in 712, the conflict came to the political forefront, and openly, the court became a manifestation of conspiracy rather than the administration of the empire; in 713, Emperor Xuanzong, according to historical records, believing that she was planning to overthrow him, acted first, executing a large number of her powerful allies and forcing her to commit suicide.

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The relationship between Shangguan Wan'er and Princess Taiping has always been written as "enemies" in official history, but with the phrase "千年万岁，椒花颂声", their friendship that has been buried for thousands of years was revealed.

The"千年万岁，椒花颂声" sentence comes from the epitaph written by Princess Taiping for Shangguan Wan'er. The original text is: "潇湘水断，宛委山倾，珠沉圆折，玉碎连城。甫瞻松槚，静听坟茔，千年万岁，椒花颂声”

Translation: Now that you are far away, the sky and the earth will lose their color. I'm afraid that all I can do in the future is to sit and look at the tea tree in front of your tomb. Maybe I can hear your voice again when I stand within an inch of the tomb. But this is a delusion after all, a quiet tomb, no beautiful face, a empty place of death. I hope that in a thousand or ten thousand years, there will still be people like me who remember you.

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3.【Late Qing Dynasty】:Lü Bicheng(呂碧城) & Qiu Jin (秋瑾)

Lü Bicheng(呂碧城)also known as Alice Pichen Lee(1883–1943) was a Chinese writer, activist, newspaper editor, poet and school founder. She has been mentioned as one of the top four women in literature from the early Republic of China.

When she was four, her father retired to Lu'an, Anhui. She lived a life of comfort until the age of 12, when her father died in 1895. Because Lü Fengqi had no male heir, relatives of the Lü lineage contested for his inheritance, and Yan Shiyu and her four daughters were forced to move to Lai'an County to live with her natal family. When she was nine, Lü Bicheng was betrothed to a Wang family, but as her own family fortune declined, the Wang family broke off the marriage contract, giving the young Bicheng the stigma of a "rejected woman". The resulting emotional scar is often considered a major factor in her later decision to never marry.[8] Her widowed mother and the Lü girls were not well treated at the Yan family in rural Anhui. When Lü was 15 or 16, Yan Shiyu sent her to live with her maternal uncle Yan Langxuan (嚴朗軒), who was the salt administrator in Tanggu, the port city outside the northern metropolis of Tianjin. Her sister Huiru also joined her later.

During her stay in Tanggu, Qing China went through the tumultuous period of the failed Hundred Days' Reform of 1898, which brought about increasing awareness of women's education, and the Boxer Rebellion of 1900. In 1904, Mrs. Fang, the wife of her uncle's secretary, invited Lü Bicheng to visit a girls' school in Tianjin, but her uncle prevented her from going and severely reprimanded her. The next day, she ran away from her uncle's home, and took the train to Tianjin with no money or luggage. She wrote a letter to Mrs. Fang, who was staying at the dormitory of the Ta Kung Pao newspaper. Ying Lianzhi, the Catholic Manchu nobleman who founded the newspaper, read the letter and was so impressed by it that he made her an assistant editor. Lü Bicheng wrote a "progressive" ci that she had previously written, set to "A River Full of Red" ("Manjianghong") usually used to express heroic emotions. Ying transcribed the whole song in her diary and published it in L'impartial two days later. At the time, it was sensational for a woman to write for an influential national newspaper such as Ta Kung Pao. She was 21 years old. She used Ta Kung Pao to promote feminism and became a well-known figure.

Lü's ci poetry was published in the newspaper and it was very well received. She was the chief editor of the newspaper from 1904 to 1908. In 1904 she decided to improve education for girls. She had published her thoughts on women's rights and the general editor of the newspaper introduced her to Yan Fu who was an advocate for Western ideas. The Beiyang Women's Normal School was established that same year. At 23 Lü took on the job of principal of the school she had founded two years before. At first this school found it difficult to find girls who qualified for secondary education and students were brought in from Shanghai to make up the numbers.

Lü knew the revolutionary Qiu Jin and they had similar objectives but Lü did not join her in Japan when she was invited as she was unsure whether women should meddle in politics. She was then chosen to be secretary to Yuan Shikai, one of the most powerful people in China. When he set out to declare himself emperor of China she left, like many of his followers, and abandoned him.

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Qiu Jin (秋瑾)8 November 1875 – 15 July 1907,was a Chinese revolutionary, feminist, and writer.Her sobriquet name is Jianhu Nüxia (Chinese: 鑑湖女俠 lit. 'Woman Knight of Mirror Lake').

Qiu was born into a wealthy family. Her grandfather worked in the Xiamen city government and was responsible for the city's defense. Zhejiang province was famous for female education, and Qiu Jin had support from her family when she was young to pursue her educational interests. Her father, Qiu Shounan, was a government official and her mother came from a distinguished literati-official family. Qiu Jin's wealthy and educated background, along with her early exposure to political ideologies were key factors in her transformation to becoming a female pioneer for the woman's liberation movement and the republican revolution in China.

In the early 1900s, Japan had started to experience western influences earlier than China. As to not fall behind, the Qing government sent many elites to learn from the Japanese. Qiu Jin was one of these elites that got the chance to study overseas. After studying in a women's school in Japan, Qiu returned to China to participate in a variety of revolutionary activities; and through her involvement with these activities, it became clear how Qiu wanted others to perceive her. Qiu called herself 'Female Knight-Errant of Jian Lake' — the role of the knight-errant, established in the Han dynasty, was a prototypically male figure known for swordsmanship, bravery, faithfulness, and self-sacrifice — and 'Vying for Heroism'

Qiu Jin had her feet bound and began writing poetry at an early age. With the support from her family, Qiu Jin also learned how to ride a horse, use a sword, and drink wine—activities that usually only men were permitted to learn at the time.In 1896 Qiu Jin got married. At the time she was only 21, which was considered late for a woman of that time. Qiu Jin's father arranged her marriage to Wang Tingchun, the youngest son of a wealthy merchant in Hunan province. Qiu Jin did not get along well with her husband, as her husband only cared about enjoying himself.While in an unhappy marriage, Qiu came into contact with new ideas. The failure of her marriage affected her decisions later on, including choosing to study in Japan.

While still in Tokyo, Qiu single-handedly edited a journal, Vernacular Journal (Baihua Bao). A number of issues were published using vernacular Chinese as a medium of revolutionary propaganda. In one issue, Qiu wrote A Respectful Proclamation to China's 200 Million Women Comrades, a manifesto within which she lamented the problems caused by bound feet and oppressive marriages. Having suffered from both ordeals herself, Qiu explained her experience in the manifesto and received an overwhelmingly sympathetic response from her readers. Also outlined in the manifesto was Qiu's belief that a better future for women lay under a Western-type government instead of the Qing government that was in power at the time. She joined forces with her cousin Xu Xilin and together they worked to unite many secret revolutionary societies to work together for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty.

Between 1905 and 1907, Qiu Jin was also writing a novel called Stones of the Jingwei Bird in traditional ballad form, a type of literature often composed by women for women audiences. The novel describes the relationship between five wealthy women who decide to flee their families and the arranged marriages awaiting them in order to study and join revolutionary activities in Tokyo. Titles for the later uncompleted chapters suggest that the women will go on to talk about “education, manufacturing, military activities, speechmaking, and direct political action, eventually overthrowing the Qing dynasty and establishing a republic” — all of which were subject matters that Qiu either participated in or advocated for.

Life after returning to China

Qiu Jin was known as an eloquent orator who spoke out for women's rights, such as the freedom to marry, freedom of education, and abolishment of the practice of foot binding. In 1906 she founded China Women's News (Zhongguo nü bao), a radical women's journal with another female poet, Xu Zihua in Shanghai. They published only two issues before it was closed by the authorities. In 1907, she became head of the Datong school in Shaoxing, ostensibly a school for sport teachers, but really intended for the military training of revolutionaries[citation needed]. While teaching in Datong school, she kept secret connection with local underground organization—The Restoration Society. This organization aimed to overthrow the Manchu government and restore Chinese rule.

Death

In 1907, Xu Xilin, Qiu’s friend and the Datong school’s co-founder was executed for attempting to assassinate his Manchu superior. In the same year, the authorities arrested Qiu at the school for girls where she was the principal. She was tortured but refused to admit her involvement in the plot. Instead the authorities used her own writings as incrimination against her and, a few days later, she was publicly beheaded in her home village, Shanyin, at the age of 31. Her last written words, her death poem, uses the literal meaning of her name, Autumn Gem, to lament of the failed revolution that she would never see take place:

秋風秋雨愁煞人 (Autumn wind, autumn rain — they make one die of sorrow)

After Qiu Jin was killed, no one dared to collect her body. Lu Bicheng endured her grief and took great risks to bury her friend. The guarding Qing army learned that the woman who came to collect the corpse was Lu Bicheng, who was famous in China, and they had no choice but to do anything.

Qiu Jin's death caused Lu Bicheng to lose a rare confidant in life. She wrote many poems in memory of Qiu Jin, recalling this like-minded friend.

Later, Lü Bicheng wrote "The Biography of the Revolutionary Heroine Qiu Jin" in English, which was published in newspapers in New York, Chicago and other places in the United States. It caused a great response and not only made many people in the world know about Qiu Jin's legendary story, but also published it in newspapers in New York and Chicago. It also makes people understand the darkness and corrupt social status quo of the Qing Dynasty. Lu Bicheng used a pen of her own to record her friendship with Qiu Jin, and also fulfilled her promise to Qiu Jin to respond with the "battle of words"

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[itsmarjudgelove]

13 Lesser-Known Historical Facts about Japan:

1. The Jomon period, beginning around 14,000 BCE, is known for its pottery, among the oldest in the world.

2. The Heian period (794-1185) was a golden age of art, poetry, and literature in Japan.

3. Samurai, the warrior class, played a crucial role in Japanese history from the 12th to the 19th century.

4. The Kamakura period saw the rise of the shogunate, a military government, starting in 1192.

5. Japan was largely isolated from the rest of the world during the Edo period (1603-1868), known as Sakoku.

6. The Meiji Restoration in 1868 marked the end of feudal Japan and the beginning of modernization and industrialization.

7. Japan was the first Asian country to defeat a European power, Russia, in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).

8. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the only cities ever to be targeted with atomic bombs, in August 1945.

9. The island of Okinawa was an independent kingdom known as the Ryukyu Kingdom before its annexation by Japan in 1879.

10. Zen Buddhism, introduced in the 12th century, has had a profound influence on Japanese culture and aesthetics.

11. The Tale of Genji, written by Murasaki Shikibu in the early 11th century, is considered the world's first novel.

12. Nara, Japan’s first permanent capital, was established in 710 and is famous for its large Buddhist temples.

13. The Great Wave off Kanagawa, a woodblock print by Hokusai, is one of the most famous works of Japanese art.

[mythicalwomansblog]

Religious Imageries in JJK: The Conflicting Views of Shinto and Buddhism.

Disclaimer: This is not an explanation post, this is an observer post. I will try to sum up what I have observed so far.

Let's begin with the definition and history of both Shinto and Buddhism.

Shinto [神道]: Combined with the kanji of God/Kami (神) and Road /Michi(道), Shinto literally means The way of the God(s). It is the indigenous religion of Japan and is as old as Japan itself.

Shinto belief is polytheist and animistic as it has almost 8 million gods that are derived from nature and natural things. This religion revolves around "Kami". Kami can be manifested from anything, but the most important Kami are the natural ones.

Sun, Rain, Earth etc. The most important central Kami is Amaterasu the Kami of the Sun. The exact history of Shinto is untraceable but it was mentioned in the Yayoi Period (300 BCE to 300 CE) of text.

Shinto describes the world as a inhabitant of the human and the kami they worship. It describes the world as founded by the kami and once humans/ living beings pass away they become kami as well.

It is safe to say that Shinto belief described humanity as living being as a whole, where even after death they don't living. The idea of morality or immorality is also absent from it. The existence of Kami is the manifestation of humanity itself and not separated from human beings.

Fun Fact: Chinese indigenous religion 'Dao' has the same characters as Shinto's kanji. So it might be possible that Shinto actually comes from Chinese Daoism.

Buddhism: Buddhism is an Indian religion. It revolves around the teaching of Buddha. Buddha is no myth. Even though convoluted, early texts gives his name as "Gautama" and he lived around 5th to 6th Century BCE.

In India his name is mostly known as "Siddharth". He was born in Lumbini in present day Nepal and grew up in Kapilavastu. The border of India and Nepal, a town of the Ganges plain of present day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

The most notable person who helped spread Buddhism around India so much that it was spread in the NEA and SEA is Emperor Asoka (304-232 BCE) from the Maurya Empire (322-180 BCE).

Buddhism circles around the suffering of human, the circle of life and Karma (deed). Where a soul is constant as it is being born in this world as human, it goes through the cycle of life (suffering) and it dies.

It also talks about Dharma as the ultimate truths, also that humans are born to fulfill a certain role. Moksha: The liberation from the earthly desire which should be the ultimate goal of a human being.

It also draws the line between God and humans as Gods are separated from the earthly matters and pushes the idea of Gods creating the universe and the creating the humanity.

The Mix of both Religion:

Though the idea of Shinto and Buddhism is pretty contradicting it existed with each other for centuries.

Even though Buddhism entered in japan in Yayoi Period (250-538 AD), it became popular in Asuka Period (538-710) due to buddhist sect taking the rein of the country. Initially Buddhism and Shinto coexisted and even mixed with each other. It was called Shinbutsu-Shougou. However, later it was forcefully separated by Japanese nationalists in Meiji Era (1868-1912) and Shinto became the state religion of Japan with the Emperor being worshipped as Kami the descendants of Amaterasu.

Cursed Spirit: The reason I am writing this is not because the obvious depiction of buddha, Buddhist shrines and mention of clans and sects etc. What caught my interest was that the idea of "Cursed Spirit".

The textbook explanation of Cursed Spirit is that the reaction of human emotions but as we see it is actually the manifestation of human existence. As long as humans will exist, curses will also exist.

Which pretty much resembles the idea of Kami.

The timeline: The golden era of jujutsu was Heian Era which historically existed between 794-1185 AD. Almost a century after Buddhism was introduced in Japan. Also in that era Sukuna rose up as the king of curses. Which may indicate the clans existed even before and Sukuna existed throughout.

Characters like Kenjaku and Tengen their birth and living timeline are unknown but they might just as be as old as Japan, like Shinto.

Getou and Megumi are the only two people who can control curses as Shikigami. Which is another japanese Shinto belief that has also been associated with "Curses" during Heian Era.

The people who used to control Shikigami were called Onmyoji (Yin-Yang Master).

Both of them were either antagonised or villfied by the jujutsu society at one point.

Also the most important part that made me think about this is...Sukuna's domain.

This resembles an average Shinto shrine...

The Tori is missing.

Insanity.

Anyways. I am not saying that Gege is making one religion look bad and another look good. It's not true and actually far from it. Though contradiction, Gege shows the good and bad of both sides. Kenjaku is bad and the higher ups are as worse as him.

Personally I think this is a battle of belief of the world with a main character emerges with no beliefs at all. Itadori Yuuji hates Sukuna but not by the virtue of being Gojo's student but his own opinion about him. In the latest chapter he says "Human beings are not a tool, so nobody's existence is premediated." Which contradicts the idea of "Dharma".

The message might be "If you want to change the world, you have to diverge from the existing path and forge your own."

[inspofromancientworld]

Roads and Traveling

By JimChampion - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=135565344

Roads and pathways go back very far in human history, to about 10,000 BCE. Some of these might have started out as animal trails that were then used over and over, widening until they left their marks on the landscape, some were engineered and covered over by paving or logs. Some are blended with rivers to make travel faster and able to carry more and some were dictated by rulers of empires. Some are nothing more than sunken paths now, some are still in use.

By Adam37 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19961082

The oldest extant roads are sunken paths, many of which can be found in England as there is a tradition of maintaining public rights of way. Many of these paths connect farms to each other and also cross the country to reach important locations, such as temples and cities. One of the oldest of these is Harrow Way, or the Old Way, which connected what is now Seaton in Devon to Dover in Kent. The Old Way can be dated to somewhere between 600-450 BCE, but is believed to much older, going back into the Stone Age.

By John M, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15868070

Roads that are paved with with wood can come in two types, corduroy roads that are made of logs laid across the roadway, especially across areas that tend to get extremely wet, like low lying areas and swamps. Plank roads are a newer take on that concept made with planks instead of whole logs. One of the oldest wood roads that still exists is the Corlea Trackway in Ireland, which dates to about 148 BCE and is the largest one found in Europe.

By Original creator: MossmapsCorrections according to Oxford Atlas of World History 2002, The Times Atlas of World History (1989), Philip's Atlas of World History (1999) by पाटलिपुत्र (talk) - This file was derived from: The Achaemenid Empire at its Greatest Extent.jpg, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73745174

Darius I (Darius the Great) of the Achaemenid empire, who reigned from 522-486 BCE had the Royal Road build during his reign. Some parts of it appear to follow that of the Assyrian kings, who reigned from the 21st-7th century BCE, beginning with a city-state and gradually expanding into an empire, based on the eastern parts of the roadway seeming to connect points that were important to them rather than taking the most direct or easiest path. Darius did improve the roads, though, which were later improved by the Romans. It was expected that mounted couriers were expected to traverse the 2,699 km (1,677 miles) journey from Susa to Sardis in 9 days, a trip that took 90 days by foot, or approximately 30 hours by vehicle today. It was primarily a 'post road', or one that was used to transport mail rather than the mass transportation of people and goods.

By No machine-readable author provided. Jan Kronsell assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims)., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=781888

In the Americas, many trails were blazed, or marked so that others could follow, quite early in history, possibly beginning by following ridge lines or large game animal paths, which followed dry ground through the forests between grazing lands and salt licks. One of the largest still extant of these trails is the Natchez Trace, or the Old Natchez Trace between Nashville, Tennessee and Natchez Mississippi and linking the Cumberland, Tennessee, and Mississippi Rivers, spanning 710 km (440 miles). Many of the trails were co-opted by European colonizers to explore and expand through the continent.

By Manco Capac - self-made from the images on this and this and this pages and mainly from the image in the book Inca Road System by John Hyslop., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3878163

The Inca road system was the most vast and advanced transportation system in the Americas. It consisted of many paved roads, two major north-south routes with many branches cut into mountainous territory the Inca ruled over in the Andes, and around 39,900 km (24,800 miles) of roads. The best known part of this road system is the Trail to Machu Picchu. Parts of the road systems were built by cultures that lived in the areas before the Inca ruled over the area, especially the Wari culture, who lived there from about 500-1000 CE.

By DS28 - File:Roman Empire 125 general map.SVG, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68002775

The Roman roads, perhaps the best known early roads, were built from about 300 BCE through the fall of the Western Roman Empire, about 400 CE. They were standardized, those standards laid down in the Law of the Twelve Tables from about 450 BCE, to 8 Roman feet (~2.37m) wide, double that around curves. In rural areas, the width was 12 Roman feet, allowing two standard width carts to pass by and allow for pedestrian traffic to continue on without interference. These tables also required private landowners to allow travelers to use their land if the roads were in disrepair, so durable roads became a very important consideration, as well as making them straight to use the least amount of materials. At its peak, the Roman roads consisted of at least 29 great military highways radiating from Rome, 327 great roads that connected provinces, and many smaller roads that comprised more than 400,000 km (260.000 miles), with over 80,500 km (50,000 miles) stone paved. Many of these are still used, being paved over with modern roads.

By Whole_world_-land_and_oceans_12000.jpg: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Centerderivative work: Splette (talk) - Whole_world-_land_and_oceans_12000.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10449197 and By Nekitarc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43114716

In China, many roads were dedicated to trade routes like the Silk Road, which began in the Han Dynasty (207 BCE-220 CE). They focused primarily on the safety of the route to make it as lucrative as it could be, so major projects like extending the Great Wall of China, which was started during the 7th century BCE, were undertaken. The Silk Road shortened the Eurasian Steppe trail, which had been used for about 2000 years, from 10,000 km (6,200 miles) to 6,400 km (4,000 miles). Other roads in China that are worth noting are the Gallery Roads through remote mountains that are made of wooden planks secured to holes drilled into cliff sides in the Qin Mountains, which were built starting around the 4th century BCE and are still in use.

[s-siduri]

"This tablet lists the plants in the garden of King Marduk-apla-iddina, the Biblical Merodach-Baladan, including onions, garlic, leeks, lettuce, cucumbers, and turnips, as well as mint, cress, thyme, and coriander. The plant called 'slave girl-buttock' remains unidentified. From Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. Reign of Marduk-apla-iddina, 721-710 BCE and 703 BCE. (The British Museum, London)"

— Osama Shukir Mohammed Amin, World History Encyclopedia

[aboutanancientenquiry]

The Shabaka Stone ("Memphite Theology")

The Shabaka or Shabako Stone (ca 710 BCE, currently in the British Museum, Museum number EA498)

According to the description of the British Museum:

Conglomerate stela, rectangular, subsequently re-used as a nether millstone: two horizontal registers of hieroglyphs records the names of Shabako and the 'perhaps ancient fiction' of his attempt to preserve an ancient text from further deterioration or destruction; below these are sixty vertical registers of hieroglyphs, some substantially damaged by the action of grinding flour, which record the 'Memphite Theology' or creation myth, a text perhaps originally composed during the New Kingdom, in which Ptah is responsible for the creation of all things by means of the spoken word.

Dimensions

Height: 95 centimetres (max) 

 Weight: 585 kilograms

Width: 137 centimetres (max)

Depth: 20.50 centimetres

[mnbrowshop]

Licensed Cosmetologist Requirement in Minnesota: Esthetician, Nail Tech, Lash Tech, Cosmetologist

Cosmetology is changing in Minnesota. New laws require cosmetologists to undergo ongoing education and new examination centers for initial operators. The state is also fining salon managers and operators for not displaying their licenses, having expired licenses, and other violations. Duluth and Minnesota have the most cosmetologist positions per capita, according to the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development. These two cities also provide cosmetologists with the highest salaries and most positions in the state. The Minnesota Board of Cosmetologist Examiners licenses cosmetologists. However, you must first finish hair, skin, makeup, and nail care instruction. Licensed salon managers, beauty school managers, and instructors are also available.

Step 1. Minnesota Cosmetology School

Minnesota cosmetologists must have a high school certificate or GED and 1550 hours of instruction from a board-approved school (BCE). These Minnesota cities have approved programs: Hibbing \sBloomington Park Rapids Brainerd Rochester \sCloud Plymouth Blaine \sAlexandria St. Louis Park Some Minnesota BCE-approved cosmetology schools demand an admissions interview and entrance exam. Coursework includes classroom and client work. Classes include:

Shampooing

Cosmetology history

Hair and scalp care

Hair styling

Professionalism

Hair dyeing

Hair dyes

Infection control

Hairdressing

A&P

Cosmetics

Chemistry \sManicures

Salons

Minnesota statutes

Step 2. Pass Minnesota Cosmetologist Exams

After completing Minnesota cosmetology school, you can take the exams. The written Minnesota Cosmetology Exam (MCE) has two parts: General and State. For the exam and license, you must pass both portions. The General and State exams cost $60. The three-hour General MCE has 155 multiple-choice questions. The State MCE has 35 multiple-choice questions and an hour to finish.  For exam bookings, call Pearson Vue at (877) 538-3417 or visit www.pearsonvue.com/mn/cosmetology.

Step 3. Get Minnesota Cosmetologist Licensure

After passing both MCE courses, you can apply for a Minnesota cosmetologist Initial Operator license. Application for Initial Operator License. The Board of Cosmetologist Examiners requires a check or money order for the $139 application, licensing, and surcharge fees. The following documents must accompany your application:

High school, GED, or transcript copy

Original BCE-approved cosmetology school skills/readiness certificate Original 1550-hour course completion certificate

You passed the MCE General section less than a year ago.

You passed the State MCE less than a year ago.

Before sending your application and paperwork to the BCE, make a copy for your records. After this, send everything the Board of Cosmetologist Examiners, 2829 University Ave SE, Suite 710, Minneapolis, MN 55414.

Step 4. Continuing Education for Minnesota Cosmetologists

Congratulations! Minnesota licensed cosmetologist! Know license maintenance rules. Your cosmetology license renews every three years. Since August 1, 2014, you must complete four hours of BCE-approved CE every three years to keep your license. Three CE hours must be in health, safety, and sanitation, and one in Minnesota laws and rules. Approved continuing education providers are here. Minnesota localities offer cosmetology continuing education:

Minneapolis

Worthington \sBrainerd

Duluth

Shakopee \sRichfield

Mankato \sWinona

Lakeville

Pipestone

Jackson

Bloomington \sCloud

Thief Falls

Bemidji

The BCE randomly audits renewals, so keep your continuing education records. Renew your license 10 weeks before expiration. The Operator or Salon Manager Renewal Application allows online or mail-in license renewal. Operator renewal costs $81. MN salons Cosmetology licenses open doors across the state. Spas, salons, nursing homes, sporting clubs, resorts, organizations, and more may offer jobs. Minnesota cosmetologists can open their own salons. 

We Offer Online On-site Courses Such as:

Online Eyelash Extension Training LeveL 1

This course is designed for licensed Cosmetologists or Estheticians who want to increase their knowledge of eyelash extensions. It is a step-by-step online lesson that will teach you the foundations of applying eyelashes.

Ultimate Brow Lamination, Lash Lift, and Lash and Brow Tint Training

Take part in the ultimate intensive study session! Learn how to perform a variety of services that you may instantly utilize in your organization. Beautiful Brows and Lashes, the world's #1 Lash Lifting Company, is only providing their official Dual Brow Lamination & Lash Lifting and Tinting Certificate Course at MN Brow Lash Medspa Academy!

Skin 101 Online and In-Person

This essential course will prepare you for a career as a full-service Skin Care Therapist. You were an excellent esthetics student, studying everything you could about the skin, cosmetics, waxing, and so on. But what about the basics of the spa industry? This session will cover the fundamentals of business, assist you in determining whether ownership is right for you, and provide you with a startup action plan to become a "spa-preneur." Earn your credentials in person with personalized attention and ongoing online assistance from St. Louis Park’s only Official Trainer of Beautiful Brows and Lashes.

Online CORE Practitioner Training for 4 Hours

This is a Continuing Education Course recognized by the BCE. CORE class will earn you 4 hours of continuing education credit. These credits can be used to renew Minnesota licenses. Cosmetologist, Esthetician, Lash Technician, and Nail Technician licenses are required.

Eyebrow Lamination Training Course with Hands-On Experience

MN Brow Lash & Medspa Academy is now offering the official Brow Lamination Certificate Course from the #1 Ultimate Lash Lifting and Eyebrow Lamination Company! Take part in the ultimate intensive study session. Learn how to perform brow lamination service that you may put into practice right now in your business.

Coursework in Business and Marketing

The goal of this course is to educate students on the processes involved in launching a new venture in the beauty sector as well as expanding existing companies. This workshop is open to people with licenses in the beauty industry, such as cosmetologists, estheticians, nail techs, and others, who want to improve their business and marketing skills.

[jyytheriverdragon]

Okay so I wanted to ask thing, Yìng Yuè has like no clue who Sun Wukong is right? So does that mean she’s was sealed away before Wukong’s birth and making her the “older sister figure” of Wukong lol

Nope! Sūn Wùkōng is MUCH older than her (some versions of JTTW state he was born in the Zhōu dynasty which was from 1050-221 BCE)

However Yìng Yuè disappeared before JTTW was widely known across China (she dissappeared in 710 AD) so for all she knows, Sūn Wùkōng is just some strong dude that got super drunk, fought all of heaven, and then got put under a mountain. She heard vague details about the journey but since it didn't effect her she didn't care much to learn.

The reason she didn't recognize him is because she's never seen him much. There will be a moment in the first chapter when MK explains that the monkey was Sūn Wùkōng to her and she's just like "...That's your mentor??? Are you sure you wanna be his student???" And then MK has to tell her about JTTW.

[barbucomedie]

Wall Panel of the Assyrian Empire from Khorsabad, Iraq dated between 710-705 BCE on display at the CaixaForum in Madrid, Spain

This panel shows parade horses an important status symbol in the Assyrian Empire. Here a fine Assyrian cavalry horse is shown wearing a bridle, tassels and a head crest for a military parade. The bridle and ornaments were originally painted in vibrant shades of red and blue.

Photographs taken by myself 2019

[gwendolynlerman]

Separatist and irredentist movements in the world

Rif

Proposed state: Republic of the Rif

Region: Rif, Morocco

Ethnic group: Rifians

Goal: independence

Date: 1921

Political parties: -

Militant organizations: Rif Independence Movement (RIM)

Current status: inactive

History

11th century BCE - Phoenician trading posts

814-146 - Carthaginian Empire

145 - the Rif becomes part of the Roman Empire

5th century CE - Vandal control

6th century - Byzantine Empire

661-750 - Umayyad Caliphate

710-1019 - Emirate of Nekor

1040-1147 - Almoravid Empire

1121-1269 - Almohad Caliphate

1244-1465 - Marinid Sultanate

1472-1554 - Wattasid dynasty

1510-1659 - Saadi Sultanate

1631-present - ‘Alawi dynasty

1912-1956 - French and Spanish protectorates in Morocco

1921-1926 - Rif Republic

1958-1959 - Rif revolt

2013 - reinvigoration of the RIM

The Rif has been inhabited by the Imazighen (Amazigh people) since prehistoric times. It has been a part of the Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Roman empires and was briefly under Vandal control.

The Emirate of Nekor was founded in 710 and Imazighen started converting to Islam. This was followed by a series of Amazigh dynasties between the 11th and 16th centuries and two Arab dynasties from the 16th century until the present day.

In 1912, France and Spain established two protectorates in Morocco. The majority of the Rif region was under Spanish rule until 1956, except between 1921 and 1926, when the Republic of the Rif was established as an independent state from Spanish occupation and the Alawite sultan. It was during this time that the RIM was founded.

After Morocco’s independence in 1956, Rifians rose to protest against the government’s marginalization and neglect of the Rif. After the Arab Spring, the RIM was revitalized, but no further steps have been taken toward independence.

Rifian people

There are around 7.5 million Rifians. They mainly live in Morocco, but can also be found in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain.

They speak Tarifit, an Amazigh language of the Afro-Asiatic family, and practice Sunni Islam but retain some pre-Islamic traditions.

The Rifians are divided into several tribal groups and organize themselves patrilineally. They mostly live an agricultural lifestyle and some practice fishing.

Vocabulary

ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ (Arrif) - Rif

Irifiyen - Rifians

Iweṭṭasen - Wattasid dynasty

Izigzawen - Greens (PDA)

Tagduda en Arrif - Republic of the Rif

ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵜ (Tmaziɣt‎) - Tarifit

[imperialbogmonster]

Teo’s wheelchair is proof that a fantasy setting doesn’t mean you ~have to~ disclude disabled characters.

The first recorded wheelchair was in 525 CE. The first prosthetic? Somewhere between 950 and 710 BCE. And those are just the earliest we know about.

There have been disabled people for as long as there have been people.

[ir-egipto-travel]

The wooden outer coffin of Pethiset, an official who worked at the temple of Amun in Karnak. It was made in Thebes sometime between 710 and 680 BCE during the reign of the 25th Dynasty of the Third Intermediate Period. This piece is now in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (National Museum of Antiquities), Leiden, the Netherlands. Photo (edited): Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.

As with most other coffins of this type, it is painted with texts and images from the 'Book of the Dead', which is a collection of instructions and spells to enable the soul of the deceased to safely navigate the dangers of the afterlife and ultimately ensure eternal life. To the Egyptians, the coffin meant rebirth. It was considered a secure spot for the deceased to become an aspect of Osiris (god of the dead, the afterlife and rebirth) and enjoy immortality.

[themuseumwithoutwalls]

MWW Artwork of the Day (1/26/19) Nara Period Japan (710-794 CE) Seated Bodhisattva (c. 770-780 CE) Wood core & dry lacquer w/ traces of gold leaf, 61 x 43.2 x 32.3 cm. The Art Institute of Chicago (Kate S. Buckingham Endowment)

This rare and important sculpture represents a Buddhist bodhisattva, or bosatsu, an enlightened and compassionate being who postponed Buddhahood in order to help save others. Calm, stately, and full-bodied, the bosatsu is seated in a frontal, meditative pose; his gracefully held hands, raised midair, make a gesture of assurance. Buddhism, which originated in India with the teachings of the Buddha Sakyamuni, or Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563-c. 483 BCE), was named the official religion of Japan at the beginning of the eighth century by the Emperor Shomu (701-56). This small, finely crafted lacquer figure is the only Buddhist sculpture outside Japan that is firmly attributed to the influential sculpture workshop of Todai-ji, the largest and most prestigious of the great state-sponsored Buddhist temples built during the Nara period. This sculpture represents a dramatic shift in Japanese sculptural tradition—a move away from the expensive, time-consuming technique of using lacquer (a resin extracted from the sap of a tree) over a temporary clay core that, once removed, left a sculpture that was completely hollow except for perhaps a wood bracing system. Here a sculpted wood core is overlaid with lacquer-soaked cloth. The innovative sculptors at the Nara temple modeled the wet and pliable surface of the cloth to create fine details such as facial features and jewelry. Finally the sculpture was gilt; traces of gold remain on the bodhisattva's face and chest (from the AIC catalog)

[awesomesallysoulla]

The Neolithic Manunggul burial jar from the Tabon Caves, Palawan, Philippines, depicts a soul and a psychopomp journeying to the spirit world in a boat (c. 890–710 BCE)

[implexis]

8th Century, 701 to 800

702  Drawing from the Chinese and Confucianism, the Japanese have established new laws – the Taiho Code. The emperor is seen as having supreme moral authority and as a benevolent ruler. His ministers and bureaucrats are viewed as agents of morality. It is believed that without this moral authority the immorality of feuding local lords would reign. Local lords, it is believed, should submit to the emperor's rule for the sake of peace. Accompanying this centralized authority, a national tax system is devised.

705  Empress Wu has proclaimed a new dynasty of her own family line. She has lowered taxes for farmers, and agricultural production has risen. She has strengthened public works. But by 705 she is in her old age and has lost control at court. Officials at court force her to resign in favor of a member of the Tang family – the return of the Tang Dynasty.

708  In China, boiled water is safer to drink than untreated water, and tea becomes popular accompanied by the belief that tea has medicinal properties.

710  Japan's emperor moves the capital from Osaka to the city of Nara in order to avoid the pollution of his predecessor's death.

711  A Muslim army crosses the Strait of Gibraltar and begins a conquest of Spain. Jews welcome them as liberators. An Arab ship is plundered by pirates near the mouth of the Indus River, and the Arab governor in Mesopotamia retaliates, sending an expedition, said to include 6,000 horses and 6,000 camels, to conquer the rajas of Sind.

712  The new Tang emperor, Zhongzong, has died and his wife, Empress Wei, is suspected of having poisoned him. She has tried to rule as had Empress Wu. She has sold offices and Buddhist monkhoods. She has created enemies whom she has failed to exterminate, and they oust her from power.

717  Arabs have conquered eastward across land to the western border of China. They have conquered Lisbon and in the Caucasus, including Armenia. Caliph Omar II grants tax exemption to all believers. Wealth has been gathered from looting the wealthy during conquests and by taxing non-Muslims.

718  Constantinople, ably led by a general called Leo the Isaurian, has held off Muslim attacks by land and sea for more than a year. Leo is now Emperor Leo III. South-Central Europe is to remain Christian.

722  Emperor Leo III forces conversion of Constantinople's Jews.

726  Emperor Leo III issues an edict against the worship of icons, seeing it as the main reason Jews and Muslims cannot be won to Christ. The cross is to be maintained as the symbol for Christianity, but worship with other images, including those of Jesus, are not permitted.

731  English historian and theologian, Bede, writes his Ecclesiastical History. He beings numbering the years from the time of Christ rather than from the reign of kings – his numbering to be divided between BC and AD (or BCE and CE).

732  Muslims were making piratical raids from Spain northward across the Pyrenees into territory of the Franks. Charles Martel leads an army that defeats a Muslim army led by Abd-er-Rahman – who was not on a mission to conquer all of Christendom.

737  For two years Japan has been suffering from a small pox epidemic. Perhaps as much as one-third of the population has perished.

745  China has accomplishments in poetry, painting, printing and is a vast empire, but its monarchical system tends toward failure. The Tang emperor since 712, Xuanzong, has fallen under the spell of his son's wife, Yang Guifei, a Taoist priestess. Emperor Xuanzong is ignoring the economy and China is again declining.

750  Sometime around this year Mexico's great city of Teotihuacan (Teotihuacán) is among those cities destroyed and left in ruins, its great palaces burned to the ground. The city's population is reduced to a few people living in hovels in a few sections of the city.

750  The Umayyad caliphs have lost people willing to fight for them. They have been overthrown by an army of mixed nationalities from Khurasan (east of Persia). The last Umayyad, Marwan II, is beheaded and his relatives are murdered. The new caliph is Abu-Abbas al-Sarah. Rule by the Abbasid caliphs has begun. The Abbasids begin ruling with a show of Islamic piety, and they talk of reforms. They give prominence in state affairs to Islamic theologians and experts in Islamic law.

750  Arabian mathematicians begin using numbers that originated in India, are an advance of Roman numerals and that Muslims will pass to Europeans.

751  An Islamic army in Central Asia defeats the Chinese (at the Battle of Atlakh). Muslims replace the Chinese as the dominant influence along the Silk Road.

751  The last Merovingian king of the Franks, Childeric III, is deposed. The Merovingians had ruled as they pleased, including enforcing what they thought was their right to deflower a commoner's bride before he was allowed to consummate his marriage. A new dynasty, the Carolingians, is begun by Pepin the Short, the son of Charles Martel.

755  Alliances and trade between Mayan city-states have begun to break down. Malnutrition is on the rise. A diminishing food supply might be creating social upheaval and war.

756  Abd Ar-Rahman, an Umayyad prince, has escaped slaughter by the Abbasids and establishes himself as emir at Cordoba, Spain.

763  Mansur moves the Abbasid capital to Baghdad.

767  In Persia, Muqanna leads thousands against the Abbasids, robbing caravans and destroying Mosques.

768  Charles, eldest son of Pepin III (Pepin the Short), inherits half of his father's Frankish empire.

770  The Fujiwara family removes Empress Shotoku from power. She had fallen in love with a Buddhist monk, Kokyo, whom she had promoted as her chief minister. Nara Society was shocked. Henceforth women are exempted from imperial succession.

771  Charles becomes king of all of his father's empire. He is a devout Christian and to have four wives and children by five mistresses.

772  Charles, eventually to be known as Charles the Great (Charlemagne in French), begins thirty years of conquest and rebuilding the empire of the Franks, with an infantry carrying axes, spears and shields of wood and leather.

774  Charlemagne overruns the Lombards in northern Italy. He divides Lombard territory with the Pope, creating the Papal States.

775  Charlemagne begins his war against the Saxons in Germany, with slaughter and forced conversions to Christianity.

780  At Constantinople, Byzantium's Emperor Leo IV dies, and his wife, Irene, becomes regent for his son, who is ten. Leo's brothers, called Caesars, begin to plot for power, but Irene has them whipped, their heads shaved and banished.

784  The Japanese begin a war against the Ainu – in the north on the main island of Honshu. The new emperor, Kammu, wishes to be free of influence from the Buddhist monasteries around Nara, and he moves his court thirty-five miles from Nara, to Nagaoka,

787  Empress Irene convenes the 7th Ecumenical Council, which refutes the iconoclasm begun by Constantinople's Emperor Leo III in 726. Among the masses and many clerics the worship of relics has persisted. The torturing, blinding and banishment of relic worshippers has ended. It is widely believed that the previously outlawed images work miraculous cures.

787  Charlemagne, king of the Franks, is learning to read, and he reproaches ecclesiastics for their uncouth language and "unlettered tongues." In hope of creating an educated clergy he orders every cathedral and monastery to establish a school where clergy and laity can learn to read. His rule includes land for nobles who provide him with military service. He depends on the allegiance of distant counts, dukes and bishops within his realm, men with some independence because of the distance and slowness of communications.

788  Indian philosopher Shankara develops a philosophical system that equates soul with God.

789  A Shia kingdom is established in Morocco independent of the caliph in Baghdad.

791  Buddhism becomes Tiber's official religion.

793  By boat, Scandinavians reach the island of Lindisfarne, Scotland. They kill monks and loot the monastery there. It is the first recorded raid by those to be called Vikings.

794  In Japan, disease and death of an heir to the throne are perceived as bad omens. They royal family believes that the spirit of the dead needs to be placated. The emperor, Kammu, moves his family from a palace considered contaminated to a new capital, Heian-kyo, to be renamed Kyoto.

797  At Constantinople, the Mother Empress, Irene (now between 42 and 47), and her emperor son, Constantine IV (now 27), have been competing for power. Irene has won. She has her son blinded and exiled.

800  In central Mexico around this time, give or take a couple of decades or so, at Teotihuacan, structures belonging to the elites of the city are burned to the ground.

800  Charlemagne is crowned by Pope Leo III, who hails him as "Augustus, crowned of God …emperor of the Romans."